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ROBERT.LEE
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Lee, Robert E.
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Robert E. Lee, the brilliant commander of Confederate forces during the
U.S. CIVIL WAR, was one of the most famous and respected soldiers in
American history. After the defeat of the South, he served as a symbol of
courage in defeat, embodying the finest elements of the Southern heritage.
Early Life and Career.
Robert Edward Lee was born on Jan. 19, 1807, at his family's home,
"Stratford," in Westmoreland County, Va. His father, Henry "Light Horse
Harry" Lee (see LEE family), had been a cavalry officer during the American
Revolution and a close friend of George Washington. Henry was a signer of
the Declaration of Independence, as was his second cousin Richard Henry
Lee. Robert E. Lee's mother was Ann Carter.
Henry Lee, a compulsive gambler, lost much of the family wealth in land
speculation prior to his death in 1818. Robert grew up in genteel poverty
in Alexandria, Va. Appointed to West Point in 1825, he graduated (1829)
after compiling an enviable academic record. In 1831, Lee married Mary Ann
Randolph Custis, great-granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first
marriage. They had seven children. During the next 30 years he often lived
at Arlington, the Custis mansion near Washington, D.C.
Commissioned in the Corps of Engineers in 1829, Lee held a variety of
assignments, helping with construction work at several military posts and
with river and harbor improvements at Saint Louis. Promotion was slow,
however, and it was not until 1838 that he was made a captain. In the
Mexican War, Lee was an engineering officer with Winfield SCOTT's force
that fought its way to Mexico City. Lee's work at the battles of Cerro
Gordo, Churubusco, and Chapultepec was outstanding and won for him praise
and a brilliant reputation. General Scott claimed that the success of the
war was due in large part to the bravery and skill of Robert E. Lee. From
1852 to 1855 he was superintendent at West Point. In 1855 he was made
lieutenant colonel of the Second Cavalry, and in 1859 he commanded the
force that suppressed the John BROWN raid on Harpers Ferry.
Role in Civil War.
A moderate, Lee was dismayed by the extremists on both sides of the
North-South controversy in the 1850s. Nevertheless, believing that he owed
his first loyalty to his own state, he declined an offer to command the
Federal army, resigned his commission in the U.S. Army, and offered his
services to Virginia when it seceded in April 1861. Virginia was soon part
of the Confederacy, and Confederate president Jefferson DAVIS appointed Lee
a general in the Southern army. After an unsuccessful effort to repel an
invasion of western Virginia, Lee was sent to prepare Atlantic coastal
defenses. In March 1862 he returned to Virginia as an advisor to Davis.
After Joseph E. JOHNSTON was wounded in May 1862 during the PENINSULAR
CAMPAIGN, Lee became commander of the main Confederate army in Virginia--a
force that he soon named the Army of Northern Virginia.
When Lee took command, the outlook appeared dim for the Confederacy.
Federal troops were slowly gaining control of the Mississippi Valley, and a
large enemy army was within sight of Richmond. In late June, Lee struck at
the Unionists near Richmond and in the Seven Days' Battles drove them away
from the capital. In August he defeated a Northern army in the second
Battle of BULL RUN and chased it into the defenses of Washington, D.C. Lee
followed up this victory by invading Maryland. During the Battle of
ANTIETAM (Sept. 17, 1862) he fought a drawn battle with the Federals.
Lee then withdrew to Virginia where he inflicted a costly defeat on his
opponents at FREDERICKSBURG in December. At CHANCELLORSVILLE (May 1863),
Lee won his greatest victory and suffered his greatest loss. Boldly
dividing his army into three parts, Lee assailed a larger Federal force.
The result was a battle in which the Unionists were thoroughly befuddled
and driven back with heavy casualties. Southern losses were also high, and
among them was Lee's greatest lieutenant, Stonewall JACKSON, who died (May
10) of complications arising from wounds received a week earlier. Lee was
unable to replace Jackson and never again achieved the degree of success he
had won with the cooperation of Jackson.
In the summer of 1863, Lee launched another invasion of the North. In early
July he attacked a Federal army at Gettysburg, Pa., and was defeated in the
greatest battle of the war (see GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF). The Confederates
fell back into Virginia, and there, in 1864, Lee led them into a series of
bloody battles against the Northern army, now commanded by Ulysses S.
GRANT.
Hampered by the loss of many good officers, such as James LONGSTREET
(wounded May 6) and J.E.B. STUART (mortally wounded May 11), Lee maneuvered
brilliantly against Grant and inflicted heavy losses on the Federals.
Unable to seize the offensive, he was pushed back to Richmond and
Petersburg and forced to defend those cities against a semisiege. Over the
ensuing months, Lee's strength steadily declined, and Grant finally broke
through the Southern lines in April 1865. Lee tried to escape with his army
to join other Confederate forces in North Carolina, but Grant trapped him
at APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE and forced him to surrender on Apr. 9. By then
Lee had become the symbol of the Confederacy (and he had finally been
appointed general in chief of all Confederate armies in February); when he
surrendered, other Southern armies soon ceased fighting.
Postwar Life and Reputation.
After the war, Lee became president of Washington College (now Washington
and Lee University) in Lexington, Va. Accepting the results of the war, he
devoted himself to education and to helping rebuild the South. Lee died on
Oct. 12, 1870.
Lee had many weaknesses as a general. He was too considerate of others,
and his politeness sometimes obscured the necessity for quick, total
obedience to his orders. He entrusted too much discretion to subordinates
who, except for Jackson, were not capable of handling it. He may not have
paid sufficient attention to logistics, and he has been accused of devoting
too much attention to Virginia to the neglect of other areas. Despite these
weaknesses, many historians maintain that Lee was the most capable
commander of the Civil War. A great general and a great man, Robert E. Lee
was a fitting symbol of the South as well as an American hero.
Genealogy
1. John Lee
+Elizabeth Fowelhurst
2. Thomas Lee
+Alice Ashton
3. John Lee
+Margaret Hockwell
4. Benedict Lee
+Elizabeth Wood
5. Richard Lee
+Elizabeth ?
6. Benedict Lee
+Elizabeth Cheyne
7. Robert Lee, b. 1543, d. 20 Aug 1616
+Lucy Piggott
8. Richard Lee
+Elizabeth Langdon
9. Richard Lee, b. 1647, d. 12 Mar 1714
+Letitia Corbin
10. Henry Lee, b. 1692, d. 1747, m. 1723
+Mary Bland
11. Henry Lee, b. 1729
+Lucy Grimes
12. Henry Lee, b. 1736 in VA, d. 1818 in GA
m. 1793, signer of Dec. of Independence
+Ann Carter
13. Robert E. Lee, b. 19 Jan 1807 in VA, d. 12 Oct 1870
in VA, m. 30 Jun 1831
+Mary Ann Custis
Bibliography
Bibliography: Connelly, Thomas L., The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image
in American Society (1977); Davis, Burke, Gray Fox: Robert E. Lee and the Civil
War (1956); Dowdey, Clifford, Lee (1965) and, as ed., The Wartime Papers of R.
E. Lee (1961); Fishwick, Marshall W., Lee After the War (1963; repr. 1973);
Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (1934-35), and Lee's
Lieutenants, 3 vols. (1942-44); Maurice, Frederick, Robert E. Lee, the Soldier
(1928); Miers, Earle S., Robert E. Lee (1956); Sanborn, Margaret, Robert E.
Lee, 2 vols. (1966-67).